The electrification of public bus transport is an important strategy for sustainable urban development. Discuss its potential benefits and challenges in the context of Indian cities. Suggest measures to improve the effectiveness of electric bus programmes. (150 words, 10 marks)

The regulation of public protests requires a balance between the protection of fundamental rights and the maintenance of public order. Discuss the constitutional safeguards governing peaceful protests and preventive police action in India. (150 words, 10 marks)

“The right to protest is the lifeblood of a democracy, yet it cannot be exercised at the cost of public order.” In the light of recent judicial interventions in protests in the national capital, examine the role of the Supreme Court in balancing the right to dissent with the State’s duty to maintain law and order.

Scientific progress is often the outcome of collective effort, whereas prestigious awards recognise only a limited number of individuals. Examine the implications of this gap for scientific recognition, research collaboration and innovation. (150 words, 10 marks)

The Israel–Iran conflict highlights the complex relationship between regional security, great-power involvement and international accountability. Examine its implications for peace and stability in West Asia. (150 words, 10 marks)

Himalayan floods highlight the vulnerability of mountain communities and infrastructure to extreme hydrometeorological events. Examine the major causes and consequences of such disasters and suggest measures for strengthening disaster resilience in the Himalayan region. (150 words, 10 marks)

“Public confidence in the judiciary is essential for the legitimacy of constitutional democracy.” Discuss the role of judicial independence, access to justice and accountability in strengthening public trust in India’s judicial system. (150 words, 10 marks)

The conflict in Yemen has implications beyond its national borders, affecting regional security, international trade and civilian infrastructure. Examine the geopolitical significance of the Houthi movement and suggest measures to promote stability in the region. (150 words, 10 marks)

Advances in neuroscience and medical technology offer new possibilities for treating diseases, but unequal access to healthcare may limit their social benefits. Discuss the opportunities and challenges of emerging medical technologies in India. (150 words, 10 marks)

Rights issues provide companies with an alternative means of raising equity capital. Examine their significance, benefits and limitations for companies and existing shareholders, with reference to India's capital market. (150 words, 10 marks)